Religions can be seen as the responses of humankind’s search for truth. As such religions make truth claims, but before we examine the ‘truths’ claimed by religion we need to examine what truth is. You would imagine that truth is something that is not a lie, or is not wrong, but it is much more complicated than that.

I was anxin’bout summit next day, so in part to blind my mind, I asked Meronym if Abbess spoke true when she said the Hole World flies ‘round the sun, or if the Men o’ Hilo was true sayin’ the sun flies round the Hole World.

Abbess is quite correct, answered Meronym.

Then the true true is diff’rent to the seemin’ true? Said I.

Yay, an’ it usually is, I mem’ry Meronym sayin’, an’ that’s why true true is presher’n’rarer’n diamonds. (David Mitchell, Cloud Atlas, Sceptre, 2004, pp287-288)

You may want to consider what the author means by the terms ‘true true’ and ‘seemin’ true’?

Is there such a thing as truth?

Most people would consider that truth is subjective– this means that in a lot of cases it is truth according to someone’s opinion or experience. For example:

Ruth is the most beautiful woman in the world.

          Macclesfield Town are the best football team.

          Chocolate is the most gorgeous food in the world.

All of these are truths. What arguments can be made against these ‘truths’?

A relativist believes that all truths are subjective. The truths that we hold are only true relative to our experience. For example the world being flat was ‘true’ hundreds of years ago- why? Because it was based on the experiences and views of people who hadn’t got the same knowledge we do.

Sometimes the way we use language helps us shape truth. We have learnt from our experience how to attribute words to understanding.

Wittgenstein made clear that the idea of a private language simply does not make sense. We learn a language and with it a form of life- we grow up not as isolated individuals, but in a rich world of experience which we share with others. We are educated into this world from our earliest days and early childhood is essentially about coming to terms with this world. In so doing, we learn the conventions of language and therefore are able to communicate… (Peter Vardy, What is Truth, John Hunt, 2003, p34)

We can sometimes misunderstand one another in our discussion of truth, sometimes this is accidental, other times purposeful.

For example you can tell the truth without being truthful.

e.g. Joanne had sex with Robert last night. Robert is her best friend Emily’s boyfriend. The next day Emily confronts Joanne and asks her if she slept with Robert. Joanne says; ‘No I didn’t sleep with Robert, I promise.’

Types of Truth

There are generally four types of truth:

1. Scientific based upon observation, hypothesis, experiment, reasoned testing e.g. the boiling point of water is 100°
2. Historical based upon documentary and archaeological evidence. E.g. Henry VIII had six wives.
3. Moral based upon abstract reasoning. E.g. Killing is wrong
4. Religious based upon religious authority, sacred writings and conscience. E.g. God does exist, or God does not exist.

 However all of these can be argued with and are not examples of absolute truth (a truth which is true for everybody, at all times. You may want to consider why each of the examples given are not absolute truth.

In a search for absolute truth, G.E. Moore undercut the transcendent and philosophical nature of the debate in his article In Defence of Common Sense (1925). In this he claimed that there were certain basic statements that did not make sense to doubt, for example that he has a body, and that he had a body yesterday. That because these statements are true, it goes without saying that everybody could have these truths.

Plato’s Cave and The Matrix

While the discussion may seem a bit daft, and Moore’s common sense argument obviously makes sense, there could be another alternative that renders all the truths we see as false. This is the view that the world that we live in is not necessarily a realty, rather an imagination or a reflection of reality.

Read the excerpt from Plato that describes his cave analogy. How could this be applied to us and the world we live in?

“Next, then,” I said. “make an image of our nature in its education and want of education, likening it to a condition of the following kind. See human beings as though they were in an underground cave-like dwelling with its entrance, a long one, open to the light across the whole width of the cave. They are in it from childhood with their legs and necks in bonds so that they are fixed, seeing only in front of them, unable because of the bond to turn their heads all the way around. Their light is from a fire burning far above and behind them. Between the fire and the prisoners there is a road above, along which we see a wall. built like the partitions puppet-handlers set in front of the human beings and over which they show the puppets”.

“I see,” he said.

“Then also see along this wall human beings carrying all sorts of artifacts, which project above the wall, and statues of men and other animals wrought from stone, wood, and every kind of material; as is to be expected, some of the carriers utter sound while others are silent.”

“It’s a strange image,” he said, “and strange prisoners you’re telling of.”

“They’re like us,” I said. “For in the first place, do you suppose such men would have seen anything of themselves and one another other than the shadows cast by the fire on the side of the cave facing them?”

“How could they,” he said, “if they had been compelled to keep their heads motionless throughout life?”

“And what about the things that are carried by? Isn’t it the same with them?”

“Of course.”

“If they were able to discuss things with one another don’t you believe they would hold that they are naming these things going by before them that they see?”

“Necessarily.”

“And what if the prison also had an echo from the side facing them? Whenever one of the men passing by happens to utter a sound, do you suppose they would believe that anything other than the passing shadow was uttering the sound?”

“No, by Zeus,” he said. “I don’t.”

“Then most certainly,” I said, “such men would hold that the truth is nothing other than the shadows of artificial things.”

“Most necessarily,” he said.

“Now consider,” I said, “what their release and healing from bonds and folly would be like if something of this sort were by nature to happen to them. Take a man who is released and suddenly compelled to stand up, to turn his neck around, to walk and look up toward the light; and who, moreover, in doing all this is in pain and, because he is dazzled, is unable to make out those things whose shadows he was before. What do you suppose he’d say if someone were to tell him that before he saw silly nothings, while now, because he is somewhat nearer to what IS and more turned toward beings, he sees more correctly; and, in particular, showing him each of the things that pass by, were to compel the man to answer his questions about what they are? Don’t you suppose he’d be at a loss and believe that what was seen before is truer than what is now shown?”

“Yes,” he said, “by far.”

“And if he compelled him to look at the light itself, would his eyes hurt and would he flee, turning away to those things that he is able to make out and hold them to be really clearer than what is being shown?”

“So he would,” he said.

“And if,” I said, “some one dragged him away from there by force along the rough, steep, upward way and didn’t let him go before he had dragged him out into the light of the sun, wouldn’t he be distressed and annoyed at being so dragged? And when he came to the light, wouldn’t he have his eyes full of its beam and be unable to see even one of the things now said to be true?”

“No, he wouldn’t,” he said, “at least not right away.”

“Then I supposed he’d have to get accustomed, if he were going to see what’s up above. At first he’d most easily make out the shadows; and after that the phantoms of the human beings and the other things in water; and, later, the things themselves. And from there he could turn to beholding the things in heaven and heaven itself, more easily at night, looking at the light of the stars and the moon, than by day, looking at the sun and sunlight.”

“Of course.” …

… “Now reflect on this too,” I said. “If such a man were to come down again and sit in the same seat, on coming suddenly from the sun would his eyes get infected with darkness?”

“Very much so,” he said.

“And if he once more had to compete with those perpetual prisoners in forming judgments about those shadows while his vision was still dim, before his eyes had recovered, and if the time needed for getting accustomed were not at all short, wouldn’t he be the source of laughter, and wouldn’t it be said of him that he went up and came back with his eyes corrupted, and that it’s not even worth trying to go up? And if they were somehow able to get their hands on and kill the man who attempts to release and lead up, wouldn’t they kill him?”

From: “The Republic of Plato” translated with notes and an interpretive essay by Allan Bloom. Published by Basic Books Inc., New York, London in 1968.

This is a theme explored in the film The Matrix.

You may want to watch a clip from the film, and consider the relationship between Plato’s Cave and The Matrix.

A handout that could be used in the classroom can be found here